An Analyzing of Deixis on Donald Trump’s Speech : “State of The

: This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data in this study is speech of Donald Trump’s Speech analyzed. Data analysis was performed by categorizing data by type according to theory from Yule of type and function deixis.The goals of this research are to find out five kinds and functions of deixis used in Donald Trump’s Speech and the function of deixis. The techniques of the collecting data in this research are watching, writing and segmenting. After collecting the data the researcher analyzes the data that include five kinds of deixis. From the analysis the researcher found 567 deixis. Those are 404 person deixis, 90 time deixis, 35 place deixis, 18 social deixis and 20 discourse deixis. It found in Donald Trump’s Speech which contain five kinds of deixis: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. Then, the researcher explains the data by descriptive explanation. The most dominant of types deixis appears in each speech of the person deixis (71,2%). It is becaused the utterance mostly refer to the person or the audience. The submissive of the data are the social deixis (3,1%) because the speaker used the person name more generally than social deixis as the surname. This speech is explaining about purposes and changes of United States. This speech more explain about smuggling, economy, illegal trade, terrorist and cancer in America.


Introduction
Understanding the definition of deixis, many linguists have presented definitions of deixis.Levinson (1985:54) says that deixis relates to the way in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus relates to the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterances.The fact of deixis should act as a constant reminder to theoretical linguists of the simple but immensely important fact that natural languages are primarily designed, so to speak, for use in face-to-face interaction, and thus there are limits to the extent to which they can be analyzed without talking this into account.Deixis can also be found in many kinds of media, such as: television, newspaper, magazine, article, song and novel.
The researcher would like to analyze this particular topic because those are: first, the researcher realizes that the use of the same deixis word can refer to different objects in a speech, which is difficult enough to be understood by people and sometimes the words could be ambiguous.Second, using of deixis in politic speech especilally in Donald Trump's speech is very important to avoid misunderstanding.Misunderstanding will not happen because both the speakers and addressee will understand about what is talking about.The third reason is because the use of deixis clearly show the close relationship between context (the most crucial thing in Pragmatics) and the deictic expressions which are used based on the context.The relationship is that the use of deictic expressions must be adjusted to the context in which the speech takes place.Otherwise, the objectives or goals of the speech that a speaker wants to deliver will not be understood by the addresses.
This research has many specific reasons why the researcher chose Donald Trump's Speech : "State of Union Address", it is becaused that the researcher want to have a different research than another research and many researcher did not dominate in speech as their research.The researcher also has several reasons for choosing Donald Trump's speech as a research object.First, there were many uses of deixis in this speech, especially person deixis.Therefore, the writer would like to analyze more deeply the use of deixis in this speech.The last, the researcher wants to broaden and deepen her knowledge on the use of deixis, not only in daily conversation but in more formal speech, especially in the political speech.The researcher chooses this speech from YouTube as the data of this research.It is because the most learners like to watch it and the readers can get more knowledge from this speech.The researcher chooses Donald Trump's Speech : "State Of The Union Address".

Research Methodology
Descriptive qualitative is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of events or occurances clearer.It is understood that descriptive qualitative is a method of research which provides the description of situation, events or occurances, so this method is an intention to accumulate the basic data, Nazir (1998).Based on the explanation above, this research uses qualitative data approach because the data resulted from research problems are in the form of texts or statements.Next, descriptive research is chosen because based on the research problem, the objective of this research is to describe Arini Hidayah, Ire Saraswati, An Analyzing of Deixis.................................................499 the variation deixis used by President Donald Trump's Speech "State of Union".In collecting the data, there are six methods of collecting data, namely test, questionnaire, interview, observation, rating scale, and documentation.To collect the data which are related to the problem, the researcher uses the documentation method.Documentation technique is to find out the written data such as notes, books, newspapers, magazines, and historical documentation (Arikunto, 2006).

Finding and Discussion
Deixis (Hidayah, 2019;Sari, 2015, Tfouni & Klatzky, 1983) is a linguistic term that refers to the use of words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context.It is an important part of linguistics and pragmatics, serving to interpret speech in context.There are three main types of deixis: temporal, spatial, and personal.Temporal deixis refers to words or phrases that indicate time, such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow".Spatial deixis refers to words or phrases that indicate location, such as "here" or "there".Personal deixis refers to words or phrases that indicate the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, such as "I" or "you".Other categories of deixis include distal, proximal, discourse, social, and deictic center.The functions of deixis include referencing an object or person near to the speaker, indicating the time or place of an event, and identifying the grammatical persons involved in an utterance.The tables of types and functions deixis in the Donald Trump's Speech: "State of The Union Address" are shown below: The category first person is the grammaticalization of the speaker's reference to himself, second person he encoding of the speaker's reference to one or more addressees, and third person the encoding of the speaker's reference to personal and the entities which are neither speakers nor addreesses of the utterance in question (Levinson, 1985).Yule (1996: We refers to Donald Trump as the speaker and all American people, It includes the person deixis because the word We is included as the subject in plural pronoun.The function of first person deixis is the word that refers to the speaker them as the people who attended to the event.The word You in the statement above is second person, You is included as the subject in plural pronoun.The function of You is explained about the watcher or all people who attend on the forum.The word in the statement above include in person deixis, I is included as the subject in singular pronoun.The function of I is explain about who is give a speech on the forum.2. Time Deixis Second is time deixis, according to Yule (1996:12), place deixis has close relation with concept of distance because place deixis pointing where the relative location of people or things is being indicate.Place or space deixis concerns with the specification of location relative to anchorage points in the speech event.There are though some pure place deictic words notably in English the adverb of place here and there, and demonstrative pronoun this and that.Examples timedeixis found in the Donald Trump's Speech.Speaker :"The agenda I will lay out this evening is not a Republican agenda or a Democrat agenda.It is the agenda of the American people".Analysis: The word This Evening is included to time deixis which is describe about when it happens and it also can be conjunctive sentence.Example of datum in second deixis: No. Datum : (007/DTS/TD) Context : President of America stands here ready to work with all Americans for a better America Utterance : "We meet tonight at a moment of unlimited potential.As we begin a new Congress, I stand here ready to work with you to achieve historic breakthroughs for all Americans" Analyze : Tonight refers to time deixis.The function of tonight is explained about that tonight they gather around to discuss, to know about the speech.

Place Deixis
The third is place deixis, according to Yule (1996:12), place deixis has close relation with concept of distance because place deixis pointing where the relative location of people or things is being indicate.Place or space deixis concerns with the specification of location relative to anchorage points in the speech event.There are though some pure place deictic words notably in English the adverb of place here and there, and demonstrative pronoun this and that.The importance of locational specification in general can be measured from the fact that they seen to be to basic ways of referring objects.Speaker : "Every birthday since she was 4, Grace asked her friends to donate to St.Here refers to where they are gathered to deliver some information.

Social Deixis
Fourth is social deixis, Social Deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity.Levinson (1985:62) states that social deixis is concerned with the encoding of social distinctions, which are relative to participant role, particularly the aspect of the social relationship holding between speakers and addressee.Social deixisis shows the differences on individually in each participant's roles especially the social status between the addressee and addresser.Social deixis is also concern with the aspect of sentences that reflected by certain realities of the social situation in which the utterances occurs.The president of America made an agreement for new trade between America and China, making justice and mutual benefit Utterances : "Therefore, we recently imposed tariffs on $250 billion of Chinese goods --and now our Treasury is receiving billions of dollars a month from a country that never gave us a dime.But I don't blame China for taking advantage of us --I blame our leaders and representatives for allowing this travesty to happen.I have great respect for President Xi, and we are now working on a new trade deal with China.But it must include real, structural change to end unfair trade practices, reduce our chronic trade deficit, and protect American jobs."Analyze : President Xi belongs to social deixis, it has function of the speech.Make the audience know that President Xi is President from China 5. Discourse Deixis Fifth is discourse deixis, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions with utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (Levinson 1985:85).Discourse deixis are the use of that and this.Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself).The use of this can be used to refer to a forthcoming portion of the discourse.The use of that can be used for a preceding portion.In conclusion, discourse deixis is containing speakers' utterance in the speech event.Discourse deixis concerns the use of deitic expression with in an utterance as form of orientation inside and unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located.Speaker: "This is not an option.This is a necessity.The next major priority for me, and for all of us, should be to lower the cost of healthcare and prescription drugs --and to protect patients with preexisting conditions."Analysis: This is belongs to discourse deixis, function of this is to make that it not option for American people but necessity to make America be better for future.Based on the result of data analysis and discussion, is known that there are five types of deixis.The most dominant of types deixis appears in each speech of the socialdeixis (55,5%).It consists the position names.The contain utterances of Donald Trump most refer to the person or america society.The submissive of the data are the person deixis (6,6%) because Donald Trump more generally used I, We, Us and They as repeated.for example: I, We, You, They and Us.This speech is explain about purposes and changes of United States.This speech more explain about smuggling, economy, illegal trade, terrorist and cancer in America.Based on the result of data analysis and discussion, it is known that there is function.The function of this research most refer to person deixis because this research mention many names on the speech and it has individual understand for watcher, audience or America society.
This speech also has impact for America society, Donald Trump promise for America better in Economy, Woman, Terrorist, Illegal Collaboration and so on.This speech has positive and negative thinking for American society, they did not believe with Donald Trump of the change for disabilities in America, especially when Donald Trump said there are currently more disabled people working than before.Example of datum in discourse deixis: No. Datum : (059/DTS/DD) Context : President of America wants to work with the audience about the law to provide new and important infrastructure investment, and inexpensive medicines to make it easier for the people of America Utterances : "Both parties should be able to unite for a great rebuilding of America's crumbling infrastructure.I know that the Congress is eager to pass an infrastructure bill --and I am eager to work with you on legislation to deliver new and important infrastructure investment, including investments in the cutting edge industries of the future.This is not an option.This is a necessity.The next major priority for me, and for all of us, should be to lower the cost of healthcare and prescription drugs --and to protect patients with pre-existing conditions.Already, as a result of my Administration's efforts, in 2018 drug prices experienced their single largest decline in 46 years.But we must do more.It is unacceptable that Americans pay vastly more than people in other countries for the exact same drugs, often made in the exact same place.This is wrong, unfair, and together we can stop it."Analyze : This is belongs to discourse deixis, function of This is to make that it not option for American people but necessity to make America be better for future.In this research found 567 data that contain deixis consist of person deixis with 404 data, time deixis with 90 data, place with 35 data, social deixis with 18 data and discourse deixis with 20 data.The highest frequency of deixis that used by Donald Trump's Speech is person deixis.Based on the research, Donald Trump talks about his feelings, the changes that have taken place in America and his goals for a better America.
Based on the analysis of speech, the researcher would like to offer some suggestion as follows: (1) For the student of English literary department program who have studied deixis.They can understand each theory of deixis, especially types and function.They can understand many the utterances to improve their knowledge about deixis.(2) For the lecturers and teachers of English literary program who teach about pragmatics and focus on deixis, they have deeper understanding on about the theory or the example, to improve student knowledge about deixis.Deixis has a broad coverage.There are many objects of deixisthat can be analyzed by the other researcher.This research only focuses on types and functions of deixis that found in Donald Trump's Speech.With regard to this, other researcher may analyze deixis in different context such as, song lyric, novel, newspaper, magazine and many more, to enrich their knowledge about deixis.
Speaker: "In June, we mark 75 years since the start of what General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the Great Crusade --the Allied liberation of Europe in World War II."Analysis: The word General Dwight D. Eisenhower is include to social deixis, because it uses General.The function of General Dwight D. Eisenhower is explains who Dwight D. Eisenhower in America.Example of datum in social deixis:

Table 1 .
The Type of Deixis in Donald Trump's Speech Researcher finds there are 5 deixis types.There are 567 deixis found in the Donald Trump's Speech: "State of The Union Address".In details, 404 person deixis, 90 time deixis, 35 place deixis, 18 social deixis and 20 discourse deixis.Analyzing of deixis types are as follows: 1. Person Deixis Grace asked her friends to donate to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.She did not know that one day she might be a patient herself."Analysis: Grace Eline belongs to third person deixis in singular pronoun, Grace Eline's function to make the audience inspired and proud of the grace and can imitate the grace of brain cancer that occurs in the people of America.Example of datum in person deixis: 10) states as follows "Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part devision.Exemplified by pronouns for first person ('I'), second person ('you'), and ('he', 'she', or 'it').Examples person deixis found in the Donald Trump's Speech.Speaker: "Joining Melania in the gallery this evening is a very brave 10-year-old girl, Grace Eline.Every birthday since she was 4, Jude Children's Research Hospital."Analysis: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital belongs to time deixis, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital has function like to tell where the place to be a donated.Example of datum in place deixis:

Table 2 .
The Function of Deixis in Donald Trump's Speech No.