Needs Analysis for Designing Dynamic Game-Based Learning Media on Motion and Force in Junior High School Science

Abstract

Understanding Motion and Force remains challenging for junior high school students, particularly due to the abstract and multi-representational nature of the concepts. This study aimed to systematically identify learning difficulties, learner characteristics, media usage patterns, and digital habits through the Define stage of the 4-D development model as the foundation for designing game-based learning media. A mixed-methods needs analysis was conducted using classroom observations, a teacher interview, and a questionnaire administered to 93 seventh-grade students. Triangulated findings reveal persistent conceptual difficulties, especially in interpreting motion graphs, distinguishing types of motion, and understanding Newton’s Second Law. Classroom instruction was dominated by teacher-centered practices and static media, which constrained visualization and increased cognitive load. Despite frequent daily smartphone use, students had limited exposure to digital or interactive tools. Nevertheless, 98.9% expressed strong interest in educational games, indicating high readiness for game-based learning environments. The synthesis of front-end, learner, and task analyses highlights critical representational needs, including dynamic visualizations, interactive manipulation of variables, scaffolded conceptual tasks, real-time feedback, and mobile-friendly accessibility. These results provide explicit design specifications that will guide the next stage of media development, ensuring that the resulting game-based learning tool aligns with students’ cognitive, pedagogical, and technological needs.